Backlash
Anti-Muslim hatred ratcheted up sharply after the Islamic State attacks in Paris. Then came San Bernardino and Donald Trump.
Standing with President Francois Hollande of France 11 days after Islamic State terrorists slaughtered 130 people and injured more than 350 others in three coordinated attacks in Paris, President Barack Obama told Americans to refuse to give in to fear.
鈥淭here have been times in our history, in moments of fear, when we have failed to uphold our highest ideals, and it has been to our lasting regret. We must uphold our ideals now. Each of us, all of us, must show that America is strengthened by people of every faith and every background,鈥 he said at the Nov. 24 press conference.
Obama took up the same theme on Dec. 6, three days after a married couple, inspired by Islamic State propaganda, murdered 14 in a terrorist attack at an office party in San Bernardino, Calif. 鈥淲e cannot turn against one another by letting this fight be defined as a war between America and Islam,鈥 he said.
Despite the president鈥檚 words 鈥 and warnings from the Pentagon that alienating Muslims would endanger national security 鈥 there was an extraordinary flood of anti-Muslim attacks in the wake of the Paris and San Bernardino massacres. There had already been several noteworthy attacks on Muslims in 2015, particularly the February killings of three young Muslim Americans in Chapel Hill, N.C., by a man known for his hatred of religion. But after the Nov. 13 mass murder in Paris, vandalism and arson, shootings and beatings, along with threats and declarations of hatred and everlasting war against Islam, seemed to explode. Egged on by a steady drumbeat of propaganda from Islamophobes and given a megaphone by the press and a presidential frontrunner given to racist and Muslim-hating oratory, already-simmering anti-Muslim sentiment in the U.S. reached a fever pitch.
Two days after the Paris attacks, a University of Cincinnati pre-med student wearing a hijab had to be snatched out of the way of a car that accelerated toward her, its driver honking and calling her a terrorist. The next day, a Muslim family in Orange County, Fla., returned home from a charity event to find bullets lodged in their garage and master bedroom. That same day, an Uber passenger in Charlotte, N.C., mistook his Ethiopian Christian driver for a Muslim and attacked, punching and threatening to shoot him in the face, and in Norman, Okla., a man allegedly told police, 鈥淸I鈥檓] going to go out there and just start shooting anything that looks like a Muslim.鈥 He was shot and wounded by officers responding to his home after he allegedly pointed a gun at them.
On Nov. 19, a sixth-grader in Bronx, N.Y., was attacked by classmates who called her 鈥淚SIS,鈥 put her in a headlock, punched her, and tried to rip off her hijab. The next day in Pittsburgh, a Muslim cab driver was shot in the back by a passenger who had inquired about his religious affiliation and spent the ride ranting about Islam.
On Dec. 8, a Queens, N.Y., convenience store owner reported being beaten by a customer who punched him in the head and said, 鈥淚 want to kill Muslims.鈥 Two days later, the Council on American-Islamic Relations buildings in Washington, D.C., and Santa Clara, Calif., were evacuated after receiving letters containing white powder, which was eventually found to be harmless. A few days later, a Muslim woman was nearly shot by an unknown person who fired at her as she left a Tampa, Fla., mosque. Another Muslim woman driving away from another mosque in the area said a man threw rocks at her and then tried to run her off the road.
Meanwhile, other mosques were shot at, menaced with fake explosive devices, firebombed, threatened and protested. One had a severed pig鈥檚 head tossed at it, and still another鈥檚 copy of the Koran was smeared with feces.
An Example in Texas
Irving, Texas, was a sort of microcosm of the rest of the nation. A Dallas suburb of 230,000 that is home to one of the largest mosques in America, Irving was the site of multiple anti-Muslim demonstrations and events.
On Nov. 21, about a dozen armed protesters carrying long guns and signs gathered outside the Islamic Center of Irving. Explaining his decision to bring a 12-gauge hunting rifle to the peaceful suburban scene, protest organizer David Wright told The Dallas Morning News, 鈥淚鈥檓 not going to lie. We do want to show force. 鈥 It would be ridiculous to protest Islam without defending ourselves.鈥
Four days later, Wright published the names and addresses of local Muslims and 鈥淢uslim sympathizers鈥 on Facebook, as well as a message: 鈥淲e should stop being afraid to be who we are! We like to have guns designed to kill people that pose a threat in a very efficient manner.鈥 In the weeks that followed, a sort of counter-protest movement evolved, with individuals who are not Muslim but support the right of Muslims to worship in peace showing up to defy Wright鈥檚 group. But the protests showed no signed of stopping 鈥 in one case, the Texas Rebel Knights of the Ku Klux Klan announced plans to demonstrate at the mosque in May 2016.
As in the rest of America, Islamophobia was a problem in Irving well before the latest Paris attacks. In February 2015, Mayor Beth Van Duyne reacted with outrage to the existence, in nearby Dallas, of an Islamic tribunal whose purpose is to use Shariah law to settle civil disputes within the local Muslim community. Though American Jews, Catholics, Amish, and other religious groups use religious tribunals on a voluntary basis to settle civil disputes (but not criminal matters) amongst themselves, Van Duyne condemned the mediation panel in the strongest of terms, suggesting it was a stealth effort to replace American law with Shariah. In March, she asked the Irving City Council to endorse a state bill outlawing the already illegal use of foreign law, including Shariah, in state criminal courts.
That wasn鈥檛 the end of it. In September, Irving school officials made national headlines when they sent Ahmed Mohamed, a nerdy ninth-grader, out of the school in handcuffs after accusing him of making a fake bomb. The bomb turned out to be a homemade clock, and, for his troubles and his smarts, the 14-year-old landed an invitation to the White House. But his family, shaken by the incident, withdrew all their children from Irving鈥檚 schools and said they were moving to Qatar.
For his part, armed protest organizer Wright claimed to represent a new group called the Bureau of American Islamic Relations (an obvious mimicking of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, a Muslim civil rights group). He is also allegedly associated with the so-called III Percenters, a national movement of gun-toting, antigovernment 鈥淧atriots鈥 that takes its name from the discredited myth that only 3% of colonists fought against the English in the American Revolution.
III Percenters have planned or led anti-Muslim gatherings across the country, rallied via social media by Arizona hardliner Jon Ritzheimer, who also threatened at one point to personally arrest U.S. Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.) for having voted in favor of Obama鈥檚 arms deal with Iran. 鈥淲e III Percent, we militiamen, are standing at the ready across our nation,鈥 Ritzheimer said in an August YouTube video promoting the armed protest idea. 鈥淎nd when you strike, we will strike back. We will level and demolish every mosque across this country.鈥
Out of the Frying Pan
The ramping-up of anti-Muslim sentiment 鈥 in Irving and across the country 鈥 did not begin only after the Paris and San Bernardino attacks of late 2015. Recently released FBI hate crime statistics for 2014 show that hate crimes against Muslims rose that year by about 14%, even as hate crimes in every other major category dropped. The increase was apparently driven by reports of atrocities by the Islamic State, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. Although the 2014 rise was relatively small, there seems to be little doubt that when the 2015 numbers are published by the FBI in late 2016, they will reflect a dramatic jump.
The tone for 2015 already was set in January with the deadly assault by jihadist terrorists on Charlie Hebdo, a French satirical magazine, and other French targets. After that, it seemed American Muslims were powerless to cool the growing ardor of their haters. When a group gathered in Garland, Texas, later that month for an event themed 鈥淪tand with the Prophet against terror and hate,鈥 anti-Muslim protests followed. 鈥淭hey were not grateful that local Muslim-Americans had taken it upon themselves to combat extremism, but rather outraged that Muslim-Americans would dare to gather publicly at all,鈥 observed Vox鈥檚 Max Fisher.
Other attacks 鈥 mostly abroad but also including a thwarted attempt by two jihadists to shoot people gathered at a deliberately provocative Muhammad Art Exhibit and Contest held in Texas in May, and the July murders of four Marines and a sailor in Chattanooga, Tenn., by a Muslim gunman 鈥 only fueled the fire.
So did a media landscape that treats every issue as if it鈥檚 up for debate, fails to fact-check before it broadcasts, and repeatedly showcases pundits with histories of demonizing, ill-informed and factually inaccurate statements.
Following the attacks on Charlie Hebdo, for instance, Fox News 鈥渢errorism expert鈥 Steve Emerson claimed that certain parts of Europe are 鈥渘o-go zones鈥 where 鈥渘on-Muslims just simply don鈥檛 go鈥 鈥 a baseless myth that earned him international criticism and mockery. Emerson later apologized, but that did not stop other Fox pundits and politicians from repeating and amplifying Emerson鈥檚 assertion 鈥 among them Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, a former GOP presidential candidate whose claims about British no-go zones were similarly ridiculed.
The problem goes beyond right-wing conspiracy theorists and haters on the Internet, and beyond the Fox News shows that regularly offer platforms to paranoid Islamophobes like Emerson and hate group leaders like Robert Spencer. Liberal satirist Bill Maher, an outspoken atheist whose broad critique of religion has become increasingly ugly when it comes to Islam, said of the faith: 鈥淲hat we鈥檝e said all along, and have been called bigots for it, is when there鈥檚 this many bad apples, there鈥檚 something wrong with the orchard.鈥 Richard Dawkins, an abrasive British scientist and fellow atheist, has also been relentless on the subject. 鈥淭o hell with their culture!鈥 he said of Muslims on Maher鈥檚 television show in November.
The Candidates Join In
But increasingly as 2015 drew to a close, the loudest Islamophobic voices came from Republican presidential candidates 鈥 most notably Donald Trump, who had also suggested that Mexico was deliberately sending 鈥渞apists鈥 and 鈥渄rug dealers鈥 over the border, endorsed and publicized utterly bogus statistics about black crime that originated with an apparent neo-Nazi, and even declined to condemn the roughing up of a black protester by members of the audience at one of his rallies.
In September, Trump seemed to endorse the notion of expelling Muslims from America when he responded to a supporter who claimed Obama was a Muslim and asked 鈥淲hen can we get rid of them?鈥 by saying, 鈥淲e鈥檙e going to be looking at that and many other things.鈥 Speaking of Syrian refugees at a New Hampshire rally later that month, he told supporters, 鈥淚f I win, they鈥檙e going back.鈥
Also in September, GOP presidential candidate Ben Carson, Trump鈥檚 chief competitor for the 鈥渙utsider鈥 vote, told NBC鈥檚 鈥淢eet the Press鈥 that he doesn鈥檛 believe Islam is consistent with the U.S. Constitution and that 鈥淚 would not advocate that we put a Muslim in charge of this nation. I absolutely would not agree with that.鈥
Trump and Carson were speaking to a like-minded base. That same month, a survey by Public Policy Polling, a Democrat-affiliated polling outfit, found that 72% of North Carolina GOP primary voters thought a Muslim should not be president and 40% believed Islam should be illegal in the United States.
Trump鈥檚 anti-Muslim rhetoric amplified exponentially following the Nov. 13 Paris attacks, as he endorsed the notion of a database or national ID card for Muslim Americans, shutting down mosques that support extremism, and vastly increasing surveillance of American Muslims. Asked how the idea of a national Muslim registry differed from the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany in the mid-1930s, Trump responded repeatedly, 鈥淵ou tell me.鈥
鈥淲e鈥檙e going to have to do things that we never did before,鈥 he told Yahoo News. 鈥淎nd certain things will be done that we never thought would happen in this country in terms of information and learning about the enemy. And so we鈥檙e going to have to do certain things that were frankly unthinkable a year ago.鈥
Other GOP presidential candidates were little better. On Nov. 15, responding to Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton鈥檚 avoidance of the term 鈥渞adical Islam鈥 to describe Islamic State terrorists, Marco Rubio compared Muslims to Nazis: 鈥淚 don鈥檛 understand it. That would be like saying we weren鈥檛 at war with the Nazis, because we were afraid to offend some Germans who may have been members of the Nazi Party, but weren鈥檛 violent themselves,鈥 he said. 鈥淭his is a clash of civilizations.鈥
On Nov. 16, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, another GOP presidential candidate, said the United States should not admit a single refugee from the Syrian civil war 鈥 not even 鈥渙rphans under age 5.鈥 He was quickly joined by more than half of the nation鈥檚 governors, including fellow GOP presidential candidate and Ohio Gov. John Kasich, in saying Syrian refugees would not be welcome in their states.
Republican presidential hopefuls Ted Cruz and Jeb Bush, meanwhile, proposed the use of religious tests to bar Muslim Syrian refugees while admitting Christian ones. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 roll the dice with the safety of Americans and bring in people for whom there is an unacceptable risk that they could be jihadists coming here to kill Americans,鈥 said Cruz. But, he added, 鈥渢here is no meaningful risk of Christians committing acts of terror.鈥
GOP presidential candidate Mike Huckabee seemed to agree, saying, 鈥淚 don鈥檛 know of any other group of people uniquely that are targeting innocent civilians and committing these acts of mayhem.鈥 Cruz鈥檚 and Huckabee鈥檚 assertions about the supposedly unique danger posed by Muslims are telling in light of the fact that since Sept. 11, 2001, domestic right-wing extremists have been responsible for about the same number of deaths in the United States as radical Muslims (48, as opposed to 45 killed by jihadists, according the New America Foundation) 鈥 including, most recently, the November murder of three people at a Colorado Planned Parenthood clinic (see story, p. 7) by a man who had earlier professed admiration for anti-abortion terrorists.
Trump, meanwhile, continued to ratchet up his rhetoric. On Nov. 21, he revived a completely debunked anti-Muslim myth when he claimed to remember seeing 鈥渢housands and thousands鈥 of Muslims in New Jersey cheering as the World Trade Center collapsed following the 9/11 attacks. Confronted with police and media investigations that concluded decisively that such celebrations did not happen, Trump simply refused to back down.
On Dec. 7, he made his most extreme proposal yet. 鈥淒onald J. Trump is calling for a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country鈥檚 representatives can figure out what is going on,鈥 began a press release that Trump read aloud to a crowd.
鈥淚t is obvious to anybody the hatred is beyond comprehension. Where this hatred comes from and why we will have to determine. Until we are able to determine and understand this problem and the dangerous threat it poses, our country cannot be the victim of horrendous attacks by people that believe only in Jihad, and have no sense of reason or respect for human life.鈥
That announcement set off a firestorm of criticism. Some leaders within the GOP establishment, which previously trod very lightly on the subject of Trump, spoke out forcefully. Even some arch-conservatives condemned the proposal, including former Vice President Dick Cheney, who said:
鈥淸T]his whole notion that somehow we can just say no more Muslims, just ban a whole religion, goes against everything we stand for and believe in. I mean, religious freedom has been a very important part of our history and where we came from.鈥 GOP National Committee Chairman Reince Preibus echoed him, saying, 鈥淲e need to aggressively take on radical Islamic terrorism but not at the expense of our American values.鈥
And Paul Ryan, speaker of the House of Representatives, added: 鈥淭his is not conservatism. What was proposed yesterday is not what this party stands for, and more importantly, it鈥檚 not what this country stands for. Not only are there many Muslims serving in our armed forces dying for this country, there are Muslims serving right here in the House, working every day to uphold and defend the Constitution. Some of our best and biggest allies in this struggle and fight against radical Islamic terror are Muslims. The vast, vast, vast, vast majority of whom are peaceful who believe in pluralism, freedom, democracy, individual rights.鈥
Even so, Ryan and many other Republican leaders have pledged to support whoever gets the party鈥檚 nomination, and polling suggests that 25% of American voters, and 42% of Republicans, approve of Trump鈥檚 plan to temporarily halt Muslim immigration to America.
Bogus Statistics for a Bogus Plan
Meanwhile, in announcing his proposal, Trump cited data from a poll by the Center for Security Policy supposedly showing that 鈥25% of those polled agreed that violence against Americans here in the United States is justified as a part of the global jihad鈥 and that 51% 鈥渁greed that Muslims in America should have the choice of being governed according to Shariah.鈥 The statistics came from an 鈥渙pt-in鈥 poll that was unscientific and contradicted by others with starkly different results.
This reference also provided powerful evidence that Trump had not come up with these anti-Muslim ideas all by himself. Instead, he apparently was relying on the baseless claims of Center for Security Policy founder Frank Gaffney, an anti-Muslim conspiracy theorist who believes that the Muslim Brotherhood has infiltrated the highest levels of government, once called for the revival of HUAC-like panels to grill American Muslims about their loyalties, and thinks the Oklahoma City bombing may have been the work of Saddam Hussein.
That Gaffney is so extreme that he鈥檚 been banned from the Conservative Political Action Conference, the conservative movement鈥檚 premiere yearly gathering, probably earns him points with Trump, who takes obvious pleasure in insulting establishment politicians on both sides of the aisle.
What may be most disheartening is that Trump鈥檚 rhetoric is only keeping pace with the worst instincts of a large portion of the population that, frightened by world events and goaded by many media outlets that encourage 鈥渄ebate鈥 about the basic humanity of Muslims, has embraced a xenophobic and nationalistic world view.
In his comments on Dec. 6, Obama reiterated that Americans forget our values at our peril. 鈥淸J]ust as it is the responsibility of Muslims around the world to root out misguided ideas that lead to radicalization, it is the responsibility of all Americans 鈥 of every faith 鈥 to reject discrimination,鈥 the president said. 鈥淚t is our responsibility to reject religious tests on who we admit into this country. It鈥檚 our responsibility to reject proposals that Muslim Americans should somehow be treated differently. Because when we travel down that road, we lose.鈥
