The Year in Hate & Extremism Report 2021
In this section
鈥⒙�Meeting the challenge of the hard right
鈥⒙�Where extreme meets mainstream
鈥⒙�The right鈥檚 embrace of violence
鈥⒙�Proud Boys membership spikes
鈥⒙�White Nationalist and Neo-Nazi groups continue to adapt
鈥⒙�The Antigovernment Movement takes a hit, but gets back up bruised and battered
鈥⒙�Mainstream hate reorients without the White House in its pocket
鈥⒙�History tells us that the threat is real
By Cassie Miller and Rachel Carroll Rivas
The storming of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6 exposed an alarming reality: that extremist leaders can mobilize large groups of Americans to use force and intimidation to impose their political will. The reactionary and racist beliefs that propelled a mob into the Capitol that day have not dissipated. Instead, they鈥檝e coalesced into a political movement that is now one of the most powerful forces shaping politics in the United States.
In the year since the insurrection, this hard-right movement 鈥� made up of hate and extremist groups, Trump loyalists, right-wing think tanks, media organizations and committed activists with institutional power 鈥� has worked feverishly to undermine democracy, with real-world consequences for the people and groups they target. 聽Within the GOP, a radical faction is attempting to rout the few remaining moderates unless there is a robust counter-effort from democracy supporters.
Many Republicans and a have exploited the 鈥淏ig Lie鈥� of a stolen election in 2020 to enact a that disproportionately disenfranchise voters of color and people in poverty. They have rallied their base against inclusive and anti-racist education and introduced a slew of bills that would against transgender people and gut the teaching of Black history. Attempts to ban books are , targeting materials that discuss race, sexuality and gender. Some Republican members of Congress have worked together with open white nationalists and promoted the racist 鈥済reat replacement鈥� conspiracy theory that has inspired numerous deadly terror attacks. They have scapegoated the Asian American community for COVID-19, harassed public health officials and election administrators, celebrated a vigilante who killed two protesters at a Black Lives Matter demonstration, and defended insurrectionists.
These actions discourage and even prevent people from marginalized groups from fully participating in the political sphere and normalize the use of intimidation, force and violence against people the right deems threatening to their agenda. In many instances 鈥� especially the assault on education 鈥� they are designed to chill any discussion of racism and other forms of discrimination.
Extremist groups have also found ways to insert themselves into mainstream politics. In the aftermath of Jan. 6, they shifted their efforts to local politics, focusing especially on COVID safety protocols and school curricula. Hard-right organizations disrupted school board and city council meetings around the country and, in the process, created space for more extreme and bigoted voices. As a result, public servants have experienced a wave of threats that will likely continue as the country heads toward the 2022 midterms.
Meeting the challenge of the hard right
The antidemocratic hard right described in this report is a social and political movement that rejects equality and pluralism, and through its actions seeks to build a hierarchically ordered society in which certain groups of people hold more political, social and economic power than others. The hard right is authoritarian and reactionary, and very often conspiratorial, racist and nationalistic. Not all the groups and individuals that make up the hard right hold the same beliefs or embrace the same political strategies. But all espouse a view of society that is exclusionary, and generally target people of color, women, 人兽性交 people, religious minorities, immigrants and non-Christians.
The 人兽性交 tracks both hate groups and antigovernment extremist groups 鈥� which, combined, make up some of the most extreme elements of the hard right. Hate groups vilify others based on such immutable characteristics as race, religion and gender identity, while groups in the antigovernment movement believe that the federal government is tyrannical, and traffic in conspiracy theories that often malign the same marginalized communities that hate groups target. These groups often overlap and work alongside one another. Over the past year, they have converged around a willingness to engage in political violence, either inflict or accept harm, and deny legally established rights to historically oppressed groups of people.
In 2021, the 人兽性交 documented 1,221 active hate and antigovernment extremist groups across the United States. After reaching a historic high of 1,020 in 2018, hate group numbers have fallen for the third year in a row, to 733 in 2021. The number of antigovernment groups, too, has fallen from 566 in 2020 to 488 in 2021. Rather than demonstrating a decline in the power of the far right, the dropping numbers of organized hate and antigovernment groups suggest that the extremist ideas that mobilize them now operate more openly in the political mainstream. Roughly half of likely voters, for instance, believe that the Jan. 6 insurrectionists who were arrested and jailed are 鈥溾�� 鈥� an idea that was promoted by such groups as the Proud Boys in the months following the siege and was then advanced by some Republican elected officials and conservative media pundits. Extremist organizing doesn鈥檛 need to take place in fringe hate groups when right-wing extremist narratives circulate widely, and their proponents hold real institutional and social power.
This does not mean the continued ascent of the hard right is inevitable. In 2020, the country gathered to protest in the name of racial justice in what, in terms of participants, was possibly the the country has ever seen. The pandemic has wreaked havoc on communities vulnerable to health and economic instability, but people have also used the crisis as an opportunity to organize and build solidarity. Workers across the country and a variety of employment sectors are , and communities have organized to provide . People, especially in the Deep South, are working to expand and protect voting rights, despite an onslaught of voter-suppression laws.
Pushing back against rising authoritarianism will require a holistic approach. To stop a movement that openly decries democracy, lawmakers need to reinforce democratic institutions 鈥� most immediately by protecting voting rights. The hard right is now a mainstream political movement, and traditional counterterror tools 鈥� including increasing law enforcement agencies鈥� surveillance and intelligence gathering capabilities 鈥� are not suited for blunting the movement鈥檚 growth. In addition, history shows they would likely lead to violations of Americans鈥� civil liberties. The country needs to address the threat of extremism as a social problem, which requires investment in social programs and public health-inspired prevention measures. With good public policy, significant investment from government and business, and on-the-ground community organizing, the tide can be turned.
Where extreme meets mainstream
The growth of a mainstream reactionary right-wing movement in 2021 is inextricably linked to the powerful racial justice movement that mobilized Americans in 2020. The movement for Black lives forced the country to reckon with the realities of systemic anti-Black racism and police violence. Its widespread resonance also ignited fear in the hard right, which mounted counter-efforts to maintain and strengthen white supremacy. Trump and other reactionaries demonized the movement, and painted Black Lives Matter activists, Democrats and the left broadly as an existential threat to the country. 鈥淭he left-wing cultural revolution,鈥� Trump said in a , 鈥渋s designed to overthrow the American Revolution.鈥�
This backlash has historical precedent. During Reconstruction, whites who wanted to maintain their supremacy founded the Klan to intimidate newly emancipated Black people and violently perpetuate a system of racial subjugation rooted in slavery. In the civil rights era, white citizens, politicians and law enforcement worked together to fight the freedom movement with violence and an organized campaign of to school desegregation. Repressive right-wing movements like this emerge during moments of social change and are, according to Chip Berlet and Matthew Lyons, two prominent scholars of the far right, 鈥渕otivated or defined centrally by backlash against liberation movements, social reform, or revolution.鈥� Or, as the historian Carol Anderson put it, 鈥淭he trigger for white rage, inevitably, is Black advancement.鈥�
The overwhelming majority of people arrested for their role in the insurrection had no formal ties to right-wing groups. They came from all over the country. The majority were employed. Most were in their 40s and 50s, and they from mainstream media. Among middle-aged, middle- and upper-class people, this illiberal political movement has found its footing and become thoroughly mainstream.
Another factor tied together the people who took part in the Capitol siege: 鈥淐ounties with the most significant declines in the non-Hispanic White population,鈥� a University of Chicago found, were 鈥渢he most likely to produce insurrectionists.鈥� Later polling conducted by the same University of Chicago researchers found that, among Americans who believe the use of violence is justified to restore Trump to the presidency, almost two-thirds also believed that Black and Hispanic people in the United States 鈥渨ill eventually have more rights than whites.鈥� Put another way, the hard-right movement that supports the insurrection is motivated in large part by a desire to maintain white political hegemony.
Fear of changes to the social status quo, in which white people hold a privileged place, has helped fuel the mainstreaming of the 鈥済reat replacement鈥� myth 鈥� a conspiracy in which white people are being systematically replaced by non-white immigrants at the hands of leftists, Democrats, 鈥渕ulticulturalists,鈥� Jewish people and others. The myth is central to the white nationalist movement, which in 2021 included 98 hate groups. Since 2018, extremists inspired by the great replacement theory have committed terror attacks in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Christchurch, New Zealand; Poway, California; and El Paso, Texas. But as hard-right actors weaponize America鈥檚 demographic changes to instill fear and resentment, the myth has spread beyond terrorist manifestos and into American living rooms.
In 2021, Tucker Carlson, whose Fox News show is the most-viewed cable news program in the country, openly promoted the great replacement conspiracy. 鈥淚n political terms, this policy is called the great replacement, the replacement of legacy Americans with more obedient people from faraway countries,鈥� he . His words opened space for others, including elected officials such as Rep. Matt Gaetz of Florida, who tweeted that Carlson was 鈥淐ORRECT about Replacement Theory as he explains what is happening to America.鈥� Officials in border states, where white nationalist and antigovernment groups have 鈥渋ntercepted鈥� and interrogated migrants, have especially tried to ramp up fear of white replacement to undercut their political opposition. Democrats, Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick , are using immigration to 鈥渢ake over our country without firing a shot.鈥�
In response to the elected officials and other public figures citing the great replacement theory, Vincent James Foxx, a white nationalist who helped organize the 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� movement, wrote on Telegram: 鈥淲e are the mainstream now. Our message and worldview are inevitably the conclusions every conservative in the country will come to.鈥�
The right鈥檚 embrace of violence
In February, the Arizona congressman Rep. Paul Gosar addressed a crowd at the America First Political Action Conference (AFPAC). The event, held annually, is hosted by white nationalist streamer Nick Fuentes, who stationed himself outside the Capitol on Jan. 6 and told his followers to 鈥渂reak down the barriers and disregard the police.鈥�
鈥淲hite people founded this country. This country wouldn鈥檛 exist without white people. And white people are done being bullied,鈥� Fuentes told AFPAC attendees in his speech, immediately after the sitting Republican congressman spoke.
Gosar made news again later in the year when he posted a video to Twitter of an anime version of himself killing Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and attacking President Joe Biden. While Gosar was eventually censured by the House of Representatives for the tweet, his Republican colleagues shied away from condemning his actions. Only two voted in favor of the censure.
Gosar鈥檚 tweet and the Republican failure to respond are but one illustration of how much violent rhetoric and threats have been normalized on the right. Political scientists and historians have noted that, although political violence is certainly not absent in America鈥檚 history, this moment is unique because of the legitimacy that elected officials, as well as the former president, have lent to using violence as a political tool. 鈥淭he elite endorsement of political violence from factions of the Republican Party is distinct for me from what we saw in the 1960s,鈥� Pomona College political scientist . 鈥淭hen, you didn鈥檛 have 鈥� from a president on down 鈥� politicians calling citizens to engage in violent resistance.鈥�
At his speech on Jan. 6, 2021, then-President Trump told his followers and the members of his party, 鈥淥ur country has been under siege for a long time.鈥� He said, 鈥淚f you don鈥檛 fight like hell, we鈥檙e not going to have a country anymore.鈥� Other Republicans have followed suit, suggesting only extraordinary solutions, outside the normal political process, are fit to meet the threat. Officials, including Rep. Madison Cawthorn, have cited the election fraud myth as evidence that violence could become inevitable: 鈥淵ou know, if our election systems continue to be rigged, and continue to be stolen, then it鈥檚 going to lead to one place, and it鈥檚 bloodshed,鈥� he said at a North Carolina GOP event in August.
Republican voters, too, are shifting toward a greater acceptance of political violence. According to conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute, 30% of Republicans, and 39% of those who believe the 2020 election was stolen from Trump, agree that 鈥渢rue American patriots might have to resort to violence in order to save our country.鈥�
Perhaps no moment better illustrated the extent to which some Republicans tolerate and even encourage violence than the way the party celebrated the acquittal of Kyle Rittenhouse. The teenager, who was not known to have extremist ties at the time, but whom far-right extremists like the Proud Boys have since exalted as a 鈥渉ero鈥� and 鈥渟aint,鈥� killed two protesters and maimed a third at a 2020 racial justice protest in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Rittenhouse was acquitted after testifying that he fired in self-defense. 鈥淭here is hope for this country,鈥� Rep. Thomas Massie after learning the verdict. Others have made a show of vying to hire Rittenhouse as their intern, while the right-wing campus organization Turning Point USA treated him like a celebrity at their America Fest 2021 event. In a bizarre carnival-like atmosphere, Rittenhouse received a standing ovation as he strolled onstage for a panel discussion accompanied by pyrotechnics and his own theme song.
Proud Boys membership spikes
While the overall number of hate groups declined in 2021, some groups experienced rapid growth, as well as increased influence and access to the political mainstream. The most dramatic rise happened within the Proud Boys, a 鈥淲estern chauvinist鈥� men鈥檚 organization with a long history of violence. In 2021, the 人兽性交 documented 72 active Proud Boys chapters across the country, up from 43 the year before. The rise in Proud Boys chapters is especially remarkable considering that at least 40 members of the group have been charged in relation to their role in the Jan. 6 insurrection. Their growth suggests the country has become alarmingly fertile ground for their brand of authoritarian politics.
The Proud Boys spent the Trump years hosting rallies around the country that often descended into violent riots. With a handful of exceptions, they faced little interference from law enforcement, giving the impression that they had the tacit approval of police. They built a vast organizational network and, when Trump told the group to 鈥渟tand back and stand by鈥� during the first presidential debate in 2020, they became a household name. Acting as , roughly 100 Proud Boys descended on the Capitol on Jan. 6, and members of the group were among the first to enter the building during the siege.
Like other far-right extremists, the Proud Boys have shied away from large-scale protests in the aftermath of the Jan. 6 insurrection, especially those held in Washington, D.C., out of fear of attracting law enforcement attention. The group has continued to organize, however. According to from VICE reporter Tess Owens, the Proud Boys attended at least 114 public events in 2021, largely targeting local governments and community institutions such as public schools.
As the larger political right riled up their base over issues including masking, vaccines and inclusive curriculums in schools, groups like the Proud Boys have latched on, winning supporters, building alliances across different interest groups and normalizing their place within mainstream right-wing spaces by entwining themselves in local political battles. They have attended and hosted rallies, menaced people at school board meetings and provided security at right-wing events. 鈥淥h my goodness, thank God for the Proud Boys,鈥� said a pastor whose anti-abortion event in Salem, Oregon, was guarded by members of the group.
This kind of local-level organizing has real impacts on communities and local officials, who are subjected to threats and harassment. While the Proud Boys have run a handful of candidates for local elected office, they primarily want to use their presence as a tool of intimidation. Explaining why the Cape Fear Proud Boys were attending a school board meeting in North Carolina, a member , 鈥淚f our presence escalates that pressure and makes it to the point where we become a distraction to conducting business and they just change the mask mandate so we go away, that鈥檚 a win.鈥� Students are also targets of right-wing mobilization. In a suburb of Chicago, Proud Boys attended a November school board meeting to express their opposition to the school library鈥檚 inclusion of Gender Queer, a memoir written by a non-binary author. Members of the group taunted students who defended the book and accused one of being a pedophile. Students at the Chicago Sun-Times that the Proud Boys鈥� actions were 鈥渦nnerving鈥� and 鈥渋ntimidating.鈥�
In Nashua, New Hampshire, the school board began stationing police at its meetings after Proud Boys and members of the neo-Nazi group NSC-131 began to attend. 鈥淭his is my fourth year on the board,鈥� , 鈥渁nd this is the first time we鈥檝e needed to do this. It鈥檚 not good for our community.鈥�
White Nationalist and Neo-Nazi groups continue to adapt
Even as the ideas that propel the white power movement gain more purchase among an increasingly authoritarian Republican Party, its constituent groups have faced organizational challenges, due in part to law enforcement pressure and civil suits.
After a series of deadly far-right attacks during the Trump presidency, the Department of Homeland Security recognized in a 2020 that white supremacist extremists are, and will remain, 鈥渢he most persistent and lethal threat to the Homeland.鈥� The report, along with by the , marked a larger shift within law enforcement and intelligence agencies away from foreign terrorist groups, which became the single-minded focus of federal counter-extremism efforts following the 9/11 attacks.
As a result of the renewed focus on domestic extremism 鈥� which accelerated after the insurrection 鈥� the white power movement experienced a slew of arrests in the last two years. In fall 2021, two members of the white nationalist group The Base were to nine years in prison after they received a terrorism enhancement to gun charges stemming from 2020. Another was to 20 years for his role in a conspiracy to murder a couple involved in antifascist activism.
Partially as an attempt to evade authorities and antifascist infiltrators, neo-Nazi groups, whose numbers dipped from 63 groups in 2020 to 54 in 2021, organized in more decentralized fashion. Prominent voices in the movement now encourage members of neo-Nazi online communities to maintain anonymity and congregate in diffuse online communities rather than join public-facing groups with names and membership vetting procedures. Extremists not associated with a defined group have still been arrested, showing the strategy has returned mixed results.聽聽
In addition to attracting attention from law enforcement, the energy of the white power movement was dampened by the outcome of the Sines v. Kessler trial, a civil suit brought by Integrity First for America against the organizers of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. On Nov. 23, 2021, jurors found all the defendants liable on a number of charges, including civil conspiracy, under Virginia state law. Combined, they face $25 million in damages.聽
Though the increased attention of civil authorities has created major challenges to the white power movement, it鈥檚 clear that the criminal legal system, on its own, cannot adequately address the problem of far-right extremism. A large subset of the movement remains concentrated on influencing mainstream politics, and nearly every indicator suggests the political ground is fertile to their appeals unless diverse communities working together build resiliency through prevention, organizing and education.
Some white nationalist organizations, such as Nick Fuentes鈥� America First Foundation, want to exert power over the GOP and convince its members to openly embrace white nationalism. Others are attempting to build infrastructure to challenge mainstream institutions, including the National Justice Party (NJP). Founded in 2020 by several longtime activists in the white power movement, NJP has become a hub for the movement. The group hosts meetings throughout the year where representatives from a number of white nationalist groups can come together and collectively organize. An October 2021 meeting gathered about 150 attendees.
One of those groups is Patriot Front, which has 42 chapters nationwide. In 2021, Patriot Front held multiple 鈥渇lash鈥� demonstrations around the country and, according to , defaced George Floyd and Black Lives Matter murals. Patriot Front, like many extremist groups, at times uses mainstream social media to spread their propaganda. During a December demonstration in Washington, D.C., that included about 100 members marching through the National Mall, a Patriot Front member created a fake Twitter account to bring their action to mainstream attention: 鈥淗APPENING NOW: About 500 men with riot shields are marching in #WashingtonDC,鈥� the account tweeted, gaining more than 1,000 retweets.
Extremists easily get around bans on social media platforms, often simply creating new usernames and continuing to post. They also find ways to make algorithms work to amplify their content, including using specific words or hashtags repeatedly to make them appear under the 鈥淭rending on Twitter鈥� section. During the Jan. 6 insurrection, for instance, members of the far right used Twitter to spread the lie that antifa attacked the Capitol 鈥� a later repeated on the House floor. More broadly, platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have failed for years to adequately enforce their own terms of service. Both companies operate under a libertarian ethos, allowing white supremacist and other hateful and dangerous content on their platforms. They have invested inadequate resources into meaningful content moderation despite repeated promises to do so, and they tend to remove extremist content or individuals only after heavy public pressure.
Hate groups and other extremists do not solely rely on mainstream social media platforms to spread their message 鈥� they are increasingly using 鈥渁lt-tech鈥� platforms that are often advertised as 鈥渇ree speech鈥� alternatives to places like Twitter and Facebook. On these platforms, users don鈥檛 have to worry about content moderation. These include video platforms like Bitchute and Odysee and social media sites like Gab. The startup Chthonic Software helped create a monetized streaming site for Nick Fuentes and other extremist livestreamers after many were banned from other sites in the aftermath of Jan. 6.聽
Gab has for years been a haven for racist and antisemites. The man who is charged with killing 11 people at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2018 was a user and posted on the site immediately before the attack. In the past year, Gab CEO Andrew Torba has expanded the services offered on the platform to create what he calls a 鈥減arallel society.鈥� 鈥淎t Gab when we recognize a problem in the world, like Big Tech censorship and the anti-White, anti-Christian, and anti-American woke economy, we don鈥檛 just sit around and complain about it like our useless politicians do,鈥� Torba to Gab鈥檚 website in June. 鈥淲e take action and start building.鈥� The company recently launched an ad platform and says it will soon offer a payment processor. The services Gab, Chthonic and others offer suggest that the white power movement is building increasingly resilient online services, which can allow extremists to spread and monetize their content while remaining impervious to public pressure or government regulation.
The Antigovernment Movement takes a hit, but gets back up bruised and battered
The number of antigovernment groups decreased in 2021, down by 79 from 2020 for a total of 488 in 2021. This trend has held fast since antigovernment group numbers peaked in the 2010s with the rise of the tea party movement. Like hate groups, the current decrease in organizational numbers does not reflect a lack of popularity of antigovernment ideology, nor a significant decrease in the level of supporters and participation in movement activities. The primary grievances that underpin the movement 鈥� in particular, distrust of the federal government and an absolutist take on gun rights 鈥� are widespread within the United States. Trust in the federal government has been and, in 2021, only 39% of Americans said they trusted the federal government to handle domestic issues. While 聽 support passing stricter gun laws, a powerful minority has on firearms and sowed the conspiratorial belief that the government could someday confiscate Americans鈥� guns. Gun sales in 2020 and 2021 , further setting the stage for political violence.
While the antigovernment movement has always maintained some national communications infrastructure, including online forums, social media helped build national organizations like the Oath Keepers and helped to popularize antigovernment imagery like the Gadsden Flag. During his presidency, Trump further legitimized the movements, particularly as states around the country implemented public health measures in the first months of the pandemic. 鈥淟IBERATE MINNESOTA!,鈥� 鈥淟IBERATE MICHIGAN!鈥� and 鈥淟IBERATE VIRGINIA,鈥� in 2020, adding to the last tweet: 鈥淎nd save your great 2nd Amendment. It is under siege!鈥� This kind of rhetoric bolstered the power of the movement and read like a call to arms for extremists.
The Jan. 6 attack was the most public moment for the antigovernment movement since the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. Like Oklahoma City, the violence of Jan. 6 has brought new pressure on the movement, but that pressure has not necessarily reduced its influence. Over 700 individuals have been charged with a variety of crimes for their participation in the insurrection, including 22 members of the Oath Keepers and at least four members of the . Eleven Oath Keepers and the group鈥檚 founder, Stewart Rhodes, have been charged with seditious conspiracy for their role, a rare and notably serious charge.
Following Jan. 6, the antigovernment movement has faced greater scrutiny by the public, media, law enforcement, policy makers, tech and social media companies, and lawmakers. That scrutiny, along with the deplatforming on Facebook of some 2,000 antigovernment associated pages in fall 2020, has forced groups in the movement to reorganize. As a result, their activity has become more dispersed and focused on localized activities. After the insurrection, Oath Keeper chapter head Doug Smith said, 鈥淎s far as Jan. 6, I will never attach my name or the men in this state to Oath Keepers again.鈥� The North Carolina chapter voted to unaffiliate and break with the national organization.
Since the insurrection, factions of the far right have coalesced around several hot-button issues with widespread right-wing support, including refusing to acknowledge Biden鈥檚 win. Issues fueling antigovernment extremists include organizing against what they perceive to be adoption of critical race theory (CRT) in public schools, against vaccine and mask mandates, and in opposition to immigration.
The antigovernment movement couches its extremist ideas under the language of patriotism. Ammon Bundy鈥檚 People鈥檚 Rights, in particular, has made use of this rhetoric. Bundy is well known for engineering armed standoffs in 2016 at the Malheur Refuge in Oregon and, in 2014, on federally leased lands in Nevada. In 2021, People鈥檚 Rights activists held a variety of small-scale demonstrations for individual grievances over taxes, property rights and natural resource availability. Throughout 2020 and 2021, Bundy organized a series of stunts and acts of political intimidation while purposefully disobeying COVID-19 public health measures that resulted in his arrest. Bundy, like several antigovernment activists in the second half of 2021, also began a campaign for political office in Idaho for the 2022 midterm elections.
In the Southwest, militias and other extremists have collaborated to set up camps in the desert targeting migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border. During 2021, hard-right extremists continued to harass humanitarian aid groups, some using their relationships with border patrol agents to circumvent and legitimize their vigilante activities. The activities of militia groups have gone unchecked, and groups continue to illegally detain migrants.
After four years of national alignment with the Trump administration, antigovernment extremists have returned to their bread-and-butter focus on attacking local democratic institutions and rallying against the U.S. Federal Government and tribal governments at the local level. The focus has heavily targeted local public health boards, school boards and elections administration officials.
The John Birch Society and QAnon enthusiasts have also peddled anti-vaccine misinformation and anti-mask propaganda, formed protests and rallies, and caused disturbances in front of hospitals and public officials鈥� homes. Conspiracy propagandists have found a niche audience with COVID-19 vaccine skeptics, using existing antigovernment mistrust, corporate skepticism and a long historical relationship with a growing natural-health sector to push the false ideas of vaccine danger. Other COVID-19 conspiracy theories are extensions of previous iterations of falsities about government population control, often rooted in fears of demographic shifts, and coded antisemitic conspiracies about a vaccine push by a cabal of nefarious actors.
Organized by the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA) and Protect America Now (PAN), many constitutional sheriffs have promoted COVID-19 conspiracy theories and refused to enforce health guidelines enacted by their lawmakers. More than 40 sheriffs attended a CSPOA event in Texas in February, and three county commissions purchased lifetime memberships in the association. CSPOA leader Richard Mack spent 2021 touring the country recruiting sheriffs and speaking at events, alongside QAnon adherents, antisemites and sovereign citizens.聽 PAN also signed onto a letter to the president about the border promoted by 人兽性交 designated anti-immigrant hate group Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR).聽
On many occasions, promoters of a wide variety of conspiracy theories and antigovernment ideologies have converged on single events to network. This has included the Reawaken America and Arise USA event tours featuring a mix of known antigovernment extremists, alternative health leaders, politicians and political advisors, and activists in the Patriot movement associated with the religious right. Many of the hallmark antigovernment events and tours featured Jan. 6 participants and organizers and perpetuated the 鈥淏ig Lie鈥� of a stolen election. These events supported the many regressive policy changes to voting rights that stained state Houses around the country in 2021.
The coalescing of QAnon adherents with sovereign citizens, constitutional sheriffs and militia members, along with conspiracy-minded anti-maskers and anti-vaxxers, has produced an environment where groups can openly recruit and market their ideas to each other and the general public.聽
Mainstream hate reorients without the White House in its pocket
Hate groups continue to permeate mainstream society and politics with bigoted anti-人兽性交, anti-immigrant, and anti-Muslim ideas and policies. These groups were in recovery mode following Trump鈥檚 loss, as they saw some rollbacks by the Biden administration of the most flagrantly anti-immigrant Trump policies, such as the attempt to restrict entry into the U.S. from a range of majority-Muslim countries.
人兽性交 documented 50 anti-Muslim groups active in the U.S. in 2021. They represent a sophisticated, well-funded network dedicated to vilifying Muslims and their faith. This network spans from more established anti-Muslim think tanks operating inside the Beltway to localized groups focusing on state and county issues. Key figures in the network, such as Brigitte Gabriel and Frank Gaffney, remain politically connected and influential. One of the largest anti-Muslim organizations, ACT for America, decreased its chapters numbers once again. Many of the group鈥檚 chapters have broken off to form independent organizations, such as AlertAmerica.News, Last Chance Patriots, Red-Green Axis Exposed and G416 Patriots.聽
Some groups moved from focused anti-Muslim ideology to more generalized hate issues and conspiracies about inclusive education, the Black Lives Matter movement and COVID-19. In the last quarter of 2021, anti-Muslim groups leaned into their bigotry as the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan resulted in a new round of refugee resettlement in communities around the U.S.聽
The 人兽性交 rights movement gained an ally in the Biden-Harris administration and continues to see positive movement at the local and business level, but hate groups mobilized in 2021 to push back and attempt to advance anti-人兽性交 bigotry. 人兽性交 documented 65 groups in 2021 that were focused on regressive state legislative policies, pushing harmful conversion 鈥渢herapy,鈥� vilifying trans people, banning books that were 人兽性交-welcoming, and taking on school boards on anti-人兽性交 topics. Many new locally focused 鈥減arent鈥� organizations leaned into segregationist language of 鈥減arent choice鈥� to oppose masking, vaccination and 人兽性交 rights. Groups like Mass Resistance coordinated local action targeting school boards and libraries in anti-transgender attacks.
These modern reactionary campaigns are modeled on efforts from the 1980s and 1990s, when the right used fear of the HIV epidemic to demonize the 人兽性交 community in an attempt to kneecap their movement for equal rights. In the previous decades they passed anti-人兽性交 public school curriculum laws, and today these groups are advocating book bans and attacking 人兽性交 educators. Likewise, the John Birch Society, which opposed school desegregation, continues with the same antigovernment communist conspiracies, this time using them to oppose COVID-19 masking and other 鈥渃ulture war鈥� issues to mobilize parents into hard-right political action. John Birch Society founding board member Fred Koch鈥檚 legacy continues, with his descendants鈥� philanthropic organizations engaging in astroturfing anti-CRT campaigns across the country and trying to hide their national agenda and make it look like it originated locally.
Anti-immigrant hate groups also reoriented their strategy to state government and local elected officials, with a focus on attorneys general and sheriffs in U.S. Southern border states. Dan Stein, president of FAIR, stated it clearly: 鈥淚n this environment, our state legislatures and governors are the last line of defense.鈥� Ken Cuccinelli, a former Virginia Attorney General and Trump Homeland Security official, recently published a policy brief at the Center for Renewing America on the strategy and concluded, 鈥淕iven the federal government鈥檚 dereliction of duty, it is now incumbent on governors and states to fill the void and do what federal officials and lawmakers refuse to do: end the invasion at the U.S. southern border and restore both order and sovereignty.鈥澛�
Several high-ranking Trump administration officials filled staff positions at various anti-immigrant hate groups. For example, Tom Homan, Trump鈥檚 acting director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement from 2017 to 2018, and Mark Morgan, Trump鈥檚 acting director of ICE and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, are both senior fellows at FAIR.聽
The implications of these hard-right activities are grave. White supremacy perpetuates systemic racism. As a result, communities of color, 人兽性交 people, immigrants and refugees, and religious minorities face continued threats, intimidation, violence and bias. Nearly one out of every four Jewish people in the U.S. experiencing being a target of antisemitism in the past year. Advocacy groups for both Muslim and Jewish American people reported a spike in hate crimes, harassment, bullying and discrimination. In New York, reports of subway bias incidents that targeted Asian Americans 233% from 2020. The Human Rights Campaign called 2021 the deadliest year on record, documenting that at least 57 transgender and gender non-conforming people were in the U.S.
Conclusion
Jan. 6 should be recognized for what it was: a full-on violent assault on democracy that showcased the strength of the hard right. In the wake of that day, the hard right is reorganizing, re-strategizing and planning to emerge stronger. Throughout 2021, the hard right hit the streets across the U.S., blocked important policy, attacked democratic institutions, engaged in violence and energized their base of supporters. The 12 months that followed Jan. 6 showed beyond a doubt that they will not go quietly.
Such institutions as 人兽性交, the media, Congress, the Justice Department and law enforcement are working to hold accountable the actors and instigators of Jan. 6 and those that continue to perpetrate harm to communities and democracy. This accountability is incredibly important and can have a real impact, but it will be only temporary if it becomes too focused on individual criminal acts. The problems are societal and require holistic solutions.
Historically, the United States has relied heavily on law enforcement, intelligence agencies and the criminal legal system to address social problems. That power has repeatedly been abused and disproportionately wielded against progressive activists, immigrant communities, communities of color and religious minority groups. After the Sept. 11 attacks, intelligence and law enforcement agencies engaged in on Muslim communities in the name of national security. Now, there are calls to use the same set of tools against white supremacists, and even to expand counterterrorism tools by creating a domestic terrorism statute. In fact, the government already has the power to extremists, a fact supported by against white supremacists and the charges brought against more than 700 people connected to the insurrection.
A national security-centric approach will never be able to blunt a mainstream authoritarian political movement. Accountability matters, and there will be legal consequences for those that attempt to overthrow the government, threaten democratic institutions and inflict harm on others. But the United States must also look for ways to build a more resilient democracy. Communities and governments need to adopt a public health approach to preventing extremism by engaging communities, mental health experts, social workers and, especially, people involved in the day-to-day lives of young people.
Even more, a reinvigorated vision of a more inclusive democracy is necessary, one that creates a stark alternative away from the destructive path of the hard right. That means expanding and protecting access to voting, creating legislation to protect people who face discrimination, promoting civics education and teaching students an anti-racist curriculum, and ensuring all Americans have healthcare, housing and other vital services so they can lead safe and dignified lives.
History tells us that the threat is real, but it also reminds us that we can turn the tide.
In this section
鈥⒙�鈥榊ouTube as we know it is over鈥�
鈥⒙�Funding hate by going live
鈥⒙�Livestreaming鈥檚 role in community building
鈥⒙�鈥榃here things fall through the cracks鈥�
By Hannah Gais
Throughout 2021, right-wing extremists increasingly embraced livestreaming technologies as their preferred tool for organization, fundraising and propaganda.
The Southern Poverty Law Center (人兽性交) has tracked extremists from a range of far-right ideologies gravitating toward a plethora of livestreaming video platforms. In part, this pivot to live video content mirrors the medium鈥檚 popularity among mainstream social media users, many of whom have turned to livestreaming platforms for entertainment. But it also reflects a tactical shift among extremists toward sites that provide an infrastructure for fundraising, promoting in-person events and preserving an archive of their work. 聽
鈥淓xtremists and hate groups are typically early adopters of new technology, particularly anything that can be used for propagandizing, recruitment or harassment. With video livestreaming, they have found a low-cost, engaging way to get their message out, and unfortunately, they are making money at it too,鈥� Megan Squire, an Elon University professor and 人兽性交 senior fellow, said in an interview.
Livestreaming content presents challenges to stopping the spread of hateful content online. It is ephemeral 鈥� meaning content is not always automatically saved on a site, so a streamer may choose to remove a stream with content that violates a platform鈥檚 terms of service after a broadcast and before site moderators can act. In addition, some sites rely on users to report egregious live content. In other words, even if a video is flagged for review, moderation teams may not act until a livestream has already concluded. Finally, a constellation of 鈥渁lt-tech鈥� sites, some of which were built by and for the far right, operate with minimal or no content moderation, ensuring that extremists can continue to raise money and promote their activities unimpeded.
鈥榊ouTube as we know it is over鈥�
While people have been broadcasting live video content over the internet since the 1990s, today鈥檚 decentralized right-wing extremist livestreaming ecosystem is a reaction to policy changes on mainstream platforms such as YouTube and Twitch.
In late 2019, in response to real-world violence and was propping up extremist content, the popular video streaming site began taking a more systematic approach to cracking down on violent content and hate speech on the platform. Far-right extremists began gravitating toward . While the 鈥渁lt-tech鈥� ecosystem is not exclusive to the radical right, in this case the term refers to platforms that provide a haven through limited or no content moderation for those users who have been, or at least risk being, locked out of mainstream social media sites for violating their terms of service, usually on hate speech.
鈥淵ouTube as we know it is over. They will burn themselves to the ground to ruin alt voices from getting out. Go to alt sources now,鈥� Red Ice TV, a prominent white nationalist site, tweeted , less than two months after YouTube banned the show permanently.
If someone is looking for a substitute for YouTube, they can turn to a variety of , some of which have explicitly marketed themselves as . There鈥檚 DLive, a youth-targeted gaming site; Rumble, the Peter Thiel-funded video streaming site popular with pro-Trump conservatives; Trovo, another gaming-focused video platform; Brighteon, one of the platforms that a coalition of state attorneys general in a letter for its wealth of medical disinformation around the COVID-19 pandemic; or Odysee, a video streaming site that allows creators to monetize their content through cryptocurrency. For more options for monetization, creators can turn to SubscribeStar, a clone of the subscription service Patreon, or Entropy, a software that works in conjunction with YouTube or other livestreaming platforms to provide an alternative space for livestreamers to raise money off their work and interact with viewers. A handful of extremist creators have launched their own platforms as well.
Among the broader far right, the popularity of livestreaming is reflected in its presence at events. 人兽性交 reviewed criminal complaints against alleged participants in the Jan. 6 insurrection and found references to a variety of platforms with livestreaming capabilities, including Periscope, DLive, Twitch, YouTube, Odysee and others. Hatewatch, the publishing arm of 人兽性交鈥檚 Intelligence Project, documented at least five DLive accounts streaming from the Jan. 6 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� rally-turned-insurrection.
鈥淓very large-scale or even medium-scale [demonstration]: political events, anti-lockdown demonstrations 颅颅鈥� 颅they鈥檙e all going to have a livestreaming element,鈥� Ciaran O鈥機onnor, an analyst at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, told 人兽性交 in an interview.
鈥淐ontent is king for these people. That鈥檚 what drives a lot this: they just want to create content that they can share online, they can get donations and views off of, [and] they can share later on as clips,鈥� he said.
Funding hate by going live
鈥淎lt-tech鈥� platforms generally don鈥檛 command the same audience size 鈥� and, thus, the same access to possible donors 鈥� as YouTube and Twitch. Still, they have provided a fruitful fundraising outlet for extremists, some of whom have netted annual earnings in the low six figures off streaming alone.聽 聽
One of these is Nick Fuentes, a white nationalist livestreamer and 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� proponent whose 鈥淎merica First鈥� show has aired on a variety of platforms since fall 2017. As Hatewatch reported in late 2020, Fuentes was one of the top earners among a pool of 56 right-wing extremists on the youth-targeted platform DLive, yielding an average of $326 per day 鈥� an amount equal to a yearly salary of $119,000 鈥� between April and October of 2020. Following Trump鈥檚 electoral loss and Fuentes鈥� involvement in the 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� movement, on DLive, according to data from 人兽性交 senior fellow Squire. On Jan. 9, 2021, DLive banned him from the site, along with several other users who either entered or were outside the Capitol during the insurrection.
Other right-wing extremist livestreamers have turned to SubscribeStar, a subscription-based site. Alex Kaplan, a senior researcher at Media Matters for America and the author of a December 2021 report examining associated with far-right extremists, told 人兽性交 in an email that the platform 鈥渉as allowed [the far right] to raise significant amounts of money 鈥� while also profiting off of their content.鈥� (SubscribeStar takes a 5% cut, at least, of users鈥� earnings.) In total, Kaplan found that these 19 accounts raked in nearly $29,000 a month. The group鈥檚 top earner, the QAnon-supporting video show , made at least $4,472 a month through the site, roughly equivalent to a $54,000 yearly salary. Others included multimillionaire conspiracy theorist and Infowars founder Alex Jones ($4,261 per month); Red Ice TV ($3,910 per month); Vincent James Foxx, a Fuentes associate and former propagandist for the white nationalist street-fighting club Rise Above Movement ($3,346 per month); and Owen Shroyer, an Infowars host who was arrested on charges related to his alleged participation in the Capitol insurrection ($1,950 per month).
Unlike buying merchandise or a subscription, livestreaming platforms encourage engagement between donors and creators. On YouTube, DLive, Trovo, Odysee, Entropy and the like, users can comment and donate in real time during a stream. Scholars have pointed to a reciprocal relationship between donors and content creators, particularly regarding the role donations can play in influencing content. Becca Lewis, author of on YouTube, noted that audience feedback through the site鈥檚 鈥渟uper chats鈥� 鈥� where viewers could comment on streams and donate in real time 鈥� could encourage content creators to read shocking or offensive statements on screen. Likewise, Squire focused on DLive that large-scale donors could take on a reputation of their own within a particular livestreamer鈥檚 fanbase. For instance, donors may be granted chat moderation privileges or unique shoutouts on a particular stream.
Livestreaming鈥檚 role in community building
As with podcasts, the extreme right has used livestreaming to promote events, propagate new ideas, network across and within ideologies, and above all, build a community. Researchers pointed to the intimacy livestreaming allows as crucial to its appeal.
鈥淐reators get to speak to audience members in real time, over great spans of time, and audiences frequently get to interact directly with the creators,鈥� Lewis, the author of the 2018 report on YouTube and a Ph.D. candidate at Stanford University whose work focuses on online political communities, told 人兽性交 in an email. 鈥淭his close dynamic is important for all creators trying to make a living from audience subscriptions and donations, but it鈥檚 especially important for white and male supremacist creators, who are also trying to impart their extremist messaging to their audiences.鈥�
These close-knit communities can, in turn, ensure that a livestreamer鈥檚 messaging proliferates across platforms. O鈥機onnor , a neo-Nazi known as 鈥淕ypsy Crusader鈥� online, who recorded himself threatening and spewing racist slurs at users on the video chat app Omegle. Even though Miller鈥檚 career as a livestreamer spanned less than a year, O鈥機onnor noted, his fans continue to share clips of his material on a slew of social media sites, including mainstream ones like TikTok.
These flourishing fanbases not only benefit extremists in terms of their reach, but they also make it possible for some to harness their own e-celebrity to hold real-world events or launch their own organizations. 聽
In spring 2021, livestreamer Owen Benjamin, a self-styled antisemitic comedian who the Holocaust was Hitler鈥檚 effort to 鈥渃lean [Germany] of parasites,鈥� purchased a 10-acre lot of land in rural Idaho that he鈥檚 pitched as a 鈥渞efuge鈥� for his fans. Benjamin began fundraising for the compound in 2020, according to , at which point he encouraged his supporters, who call themselves 鈥渂ears,鈥� to donate to the cause in exchange for camping rights. Had Benjamin been able to secure funds for a 200-acre piece of land, he told Lana Lokteff of聽 Red Ice TV on Jan. 4, he had discussed doing 鈥渢actical training courses for donors.鈥�
Likewise, Fuentes used his livestream fandom to publicly launch his own nonprofit political organization in early 2021. In the days before his annual America First Political Action Conference (AFPAC) 鈥� which is held each year alongside the more mainstream Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) 鈥� Fuentes announced that he would be spearheading the America First Foundation, a 501(c)4 organization. Such groups collect donations like a traditional nonprofit, but they have a wider latitude to engage in political activity such as lobbying and electioneering.
鈥榃here things fall through the cracks鈥�
The prevalence of livestreaming comes with its own set of unique challenges to researchers, journalists and the tech companies responsible for moderating hateful content.
Researchers pointed to the challenges of moderating and monitoring livestreaming content. These ranged from the length of broadcasts 鈥� some of which can be upwards of three hours long 鈥� to the technical shortcomings of the platforms involved. Jared Holt, a resident fellow at the Atlantic Council鈥檚 Digital Forensic Research Lab whose work focuses on domestic extremism, told 人兽性交 that livestreaming has long been 鈥渁 place where things fall through the cracks.鈥�
鈥淢oderating live video content has often proved challenging for social media platforms since the content is being produced in near-real-time and can often be changed or removed after a stream to try to avoid would-be automated moderation against their channels. This content strategy also creates additional, though not impossible, challenges for researchers focused on hate movements,鈥� Holt said.
Most platforms also depend on users to report egregious content in livestreams. This reliance on user-generated reports has already had disastrous consequences. In 2019, white supremacist terrorists in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Halle, Germany, used Facebook Live and Twitch, respectively, to broadcast their attacks in real time and . In the case of Christchurch, Facebook said in a , that it received its first user report 29 minutes after the attacker, Brenton Tarrant, began livestreaming. Before Facebook took down the original video, it was viewed around 4,000 times.
Certain 鈥渁lt-tech鈥� platforms may not even offer a mechanism for reporting content 鈥� and even if they do, they may choose to overlook extremist activity. In May, that an executive at Odysee told moderators that a 鈥淣azi that makes videos about the superiority of the white race鈥� was not enough to warrant removing content from the site. And some tech platforms even, directly or indirectly, encourage or facilitate extremism. As Hatewatch reported in December, an executive from Entropy announced he had constructed a custom piece of software for Fuentes, the white nationalist 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� proponent, after Entropy鈥檚 payment processor requested the company cut ties with him.
鈥淎s long as there are platforms that allow some form of monetization and either refuse to enforce their rules or do not care about who is using their platforms, white nationalists and other extremists will continue to have homes to fund their hate and conspiracy theories,鈥� Alex Kaplan, the author of the Media Matters report on SubscribeStar, told 人兽性交.
But even with mainstream tech companies that have been receptive to criticisms of their handling of extremist content, researchers suggested that platforms鈥� moderation policies should be considered dynamic.
鈥淲e need to view tech company content policies as an ongoing, evolving process. That is, there will never be a point where companies reach a 鈥榮ufficient鈥� policy approach and can rest on their laurels,鈥� Lewis told the 人兽性交.
鈥淥nline extremists are constantly changing tactics, and tech companies will have to constantly keep up,鈥� she added.
By Hannah Gais
Nick Fuentes, a white nationalist livestreamer and proponent of the anti-democratic 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� movement, spent much of 2021 jumping from one streaming platform to another following a ban from the youth-targeted streaming platform DLive in the wake of the Jan. 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol.
On Jan. 9, 2021, three days after Fuentes told insurrectionists to 鈥渒eep moving towards the Capitol鈥� and 鈥渂reak down the barriers and disregard the police,鈥� DLive announced it had banned Fuentes, and several others, from the platform on the basis of 鈥渋nciting violent and illegal activities.鈥� Prior to his DLive ban, the Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Project鈥檚 publishing arm, Hatewatch, reported that Fuentes was one of the top earners on the platform, on track to earn a salary of $118,000 per year. During the 鈥淪top the Steal鈥� protests in late 2020 and early 2021, Hatewatch learned that Fuentes received $43,822.86 in donations on DLive.
Fuentes鈥� efforts to construct a viable alternative platform following his DLive ban illustrates the hurdles right-wing extremists face after deplatforming. (鈥淒eplatforming鈥� refers to the action of tech companies stopping a person or group, particularly extremists, from using their services.)
鈥淭his has been the hardest year of my entire life,鈥� Fuentes said on a Dec. 23, 2021, livestream, referencing these struggles. 鈥淲e started out the year with everything I had built totally destroyed 鈥� the financial aspect of it, the streaming aspect of it, and even the infrastructure on the business side.鈥�
人兽性交 tracked Fuentes鈥� activities after DLive banned him from the platform and found that he used a variety of tactics to keep his weeknight show, 鈥淎merica First,鈥� up and running.
鈥⒙燨n Jan. 11, 2021, Fuentes announced on Telegram that he had been working 鈥渁round the clock鈥� to launch his own streaming site in the immediate aftermath of the DLive ban. Due to technical issues, Fuentes and his team were unable to stream his show on the new platform until Jan. 15.
鈥⒙燭he independent platform didn鈥檛 last, however. On Jan. 18, 人兽性交 identified that Fuentes was using YouTube to stream his show, even though the video streaming site had banned him on Feb. 14, 2020. Through its examination of his site鈥檚 source code, 人兽性交 determined that Fuentes had managed to return to YouTube. When 人兽性交 reached out to YouTube on Jan. 20, 2021, a representative said they had terminated multiple channels for attempting to circumvent Fuentes鈥� ban from the platform.
鈥⒙燭hat same day, Fuentes gave a special shout-out to members of the tech team that had supported him through his efforts to find an alternative to DLive. As Hatewatch reported in November, among those Fuentes credited with providing technical support were, according to Hatewatch research and analysis, Simon Dickerman, who appears to have longstanding ties to white power circles online, and Michael Zimmermann, the then-information technology director of the Trump-tied conspiracy site Infowars.
鈥⒙燘y mid-February, Fuentes鈥� team announced they were beta testing his new streaming platform. Though he remained the sole user of the site for several months, Fuentes rebranded his custom livestreaming platform as cozy.tv in mid-October.
鈥⒙燜uentes continued to rely on an external platform, Entropy, to process donations and provide a chat for users during his livestreams. But as Hatewatch reported in December, Fuentes announced during a Nov. 29 broadcast of 鈥淎merica First鈥� that Entropy鈥檚 payment processer forced the company to drop him as a client. Emmanuel Constantinidis, founder and CEO of Chthonic, the company that owns Entropy, reassured users of his software that they had 鈥渂uilt [Fuentes] a replacement.鈥� In a statement posted on the messaging app Discord, Constantinidis added, 鈥淚t鈥檚 a complicated story, but sufficed to say we won鈥檛 leave anyone out to dry.鈥�
Fuentes鈥� journey reflects the hurdles many right-wing extremists face when it comes to navigating the 鈥渁lt-tech鈥� ecosystem. As his brief return to YouTube demonstrates, deplatformed extremists still favor mainstream social media sites for their ease of use and audience. Above all, Fuentes鈥� month-and-a-half-long struggle to set up a viable long-term streaming alternative demonstrates the real costs of deplatforming, in that it not only strips them of their ability to fundraise but forces them to redirect income to find new ways to keep hate online. 聽
In this section
鈥⒙�鈥楲emons to Lemonade鈥� with the BTV Clean Up Crew
鈥⒙�鈥榁oices of Love and Unity鈥� for Afghan Refugees
鈥⒙�Seeding Freedom in the Mississippi Delta
鈥⒙�鈥榃e have to mobilize together鈥�
鈥⒙�Next steps
Despite its challenges and tumult, 2021 was also a year marked by the actions and strength of individuals, organizations and communities across the United States who met the moment. Whether they鈥檝e been working towards progress for decades or have recently organized to confront new manifestations of hardship and bigotry, their resilience remains steadfast. As we enter 2022, with political division and public health concerns at the forefront of our collective conscious, we鈥檙e seeking to highlight some of those individuals and organizations, as well as the coalitions they have helped build to support their communities. While those featured below continue to carry imperative work forward, we also aim to elevate the need for the equitable dissemination of support and resources.
Direct Grassroots Action: 鈥楲emons to Lemonade鈥� with the BTV Clean Up Crew
By Lydia Bates
鈥淚f we believe in a community at all 鈥� [we] have to believe that our neighbors feel loved and welcomed,鈥� explained a founding member of the BTV Clean Up Crew, based in Burlington, Vermont. This belief is what keeps the Clean Up Crew motivated as they confront hate and extremism in their community.
Founded in July 2019, the BTV Clean Up Crew works to remove bigoted stickers and flyers posted around the area by hate groups. Communicating via encrypted and secure messaging platforms, the grassroots coalition of community members identifies areas where hateful messages have been posted and organizes expedient removal.
Prior to COVID-19 precautions, group members spent weekends removing hateful material and picking up roadside trash. Since the onset of the pandemic, their activities have become more ad hoc, resulting 聽in the removal of over 230 hate stickers and flyers in 2021.
The hate group that most frequently posts flyers and stickers in the Burlington area is a white nationalist group called Patriot Front. In a year when the flyering efforts of Patriot Front have increased elsewhere in the country, the Clean Up Crew reports that 鈥渋n the aggregate, [the number of incidents] has gone down鈥� in the Burlington area.
The group鈥檚 fundraising model has much to do with that decline. Each month, the Clean Up Crew tallies the number of hate stickers they鈥檝e removed. They then crowdsource donations from Facebook followers who pledge a monetary amount per sticker to a local nonprofit of the Crew鈥檚 choosing. The more stickers hate groups post in the Burlington area, the larger the donation to local progressive organizations.
鈥淲e try to donate money directly to whatever group that was most targeted that month,鈥� a Clean Up Crew member explained. Recently, due to a spate of transphobic flyering incidents, the BTV Clean Up Crew has been funneling donations to a local organization aimed at building an equitable and inclusive society for all 人兽性交+ young people. The Clean Up Crew has also donated to local organizations such as and .
鈥淚t adds some levity to something that is so dire. It鈥檚 lemons to lemonade鈥� said Rachel Frida Siegel, co-coordinator of the (ONEMA), a local organization that was recently the recipient of BTV Clean Up Crew鈥檚 crowdfunded donations. 鈥淭hat money enabled us to make our community stronger by supporting people who needed resources that they couldn鈥檛 get otherwise.鈥�
Part of the Clean Up Crew鈥檚 success in confronting hate in their community stems from their focus on preventing the amplification of extremist rhetoric and narratives. Group members do not alert the police or local media to the flyers and stickers but quietly remove them along with other types of trash.
For those interested in creating similar efforts in their community, the BTV Clean Up Crew recommends making a strong distinction between the bigotry espoused by hate groups and what might be considered differing politics. 聽鈥淢ake it clear that what you鈥檙e trying to do is counter hate against neighbors鈥� explained a Crew member. 鈥淭hese people are trying to attack your neighbors. These aren鈥檛 people who are trying to express their political beliefs.鈥�
To support the BTV Clean Up Crew and learn more about their efforts to make 鈥渆very neighbor feel loved and welcomed,鈥� visit their .
Community Coalition-Building: 鈥榁oices of Love and Unity鈥� for Afghan Refugees
By Caleb Kieffer
In the state of Washington, the American Muslim Empowerment Network at the Muslim Association of Puget Sound is leading a campaign to welcome refugees from Afghanistan.
鈥淭here's so much noise, and we need have our voices of love and unity to be louder than the haters that are always going to be there,鈥� said Aneelah Afzali, executive director of . 鈥淭hat's the approach we have to take.鈥�
The United States has taken in around 75,000 Afghans since the chaotic withdrawal from Afghanistan in August 2021. As of Dec. 31, 2021, 52,000 have been resettled in communities across the U.S. Another 22,500 remain in temporary housing facilities awaiting completion of the process, according to the Department of Defense. Efforts to safely resettle Afghan refugees received bipartisan support from many lawmakers and the public, but the effort has not been without politicization. Anti-Muslim hate groups and some right-wing lawmakers used the opportunity to spread divisive rhetoric and bigotry.聽
Afzali and MAPS-AMEN sought to get ahead of the hate and send a welcoming message to arriving Afghan refugees. 鈥淲e're likely going to see, and we've already seen, a spike in xenophobia and Islamophobia with a number of new Brown Muslims arriving in different parts of the state,鈥� she said. 鈥淪o, what we created are these welcome signs that just say we welcome our Afghan neighbors.鈥� The signs feature a message flanked by colors of the U.S. and Afghanistan flags. She said the goal was to 鈥渄istribute these welcome signs to really try to get ahead of the narrative and try to have public officials, leaders, and others step up and create that welcoming environment and try to maximize the kind of bi-partisan support [for refugees].鈥�
In October 2021, Afzali joined Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, corporate partners and other community leaders at a press conference at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport鈥檚 Welcome Center for Afghans to greet those arriving from Afghanistan and to speak out against recent violence against immigrant and Muslim communities. MAPS-AMEN is also partnering with the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services to provide support for refugees. This effort includes coordination between the government, resettlement agencies and community-based organizations, as well as the Afghan American community. Afzali said various working groups have been established to address housing, employment, health, legal services, donations, food and more.
Washington is one of the top 10 states taking in refugees, according to data from the U.S. State Department. The Southern Poverty Law Center tracked 50 anti-Muslim hate groups in 2021, including three in Washington. Anti-Muslim hate groups coalesced around anti-refugee sentiment in 2021. This rhetoric is likely to carry over into 2022 as the Biden administration announced plans last year to increase the United States鈥� refugee cap to 125,000. This is set to reverse Trump鈥檚 historically low cap of 18,000.
Afzali said she plans to continue the welcoming campaign through the next few months as more refugees arrive. 鈥淲e're also helping make sure that families do not fall through the cracks. And it's so hard to do that because you have such an influx. Both the pace and the number of arrivals is significant.鈥� She also stressed the importance of people showing up for the Afghan community. 鈥淭hat kind of welcoming message is not only important for the Afghan arrivals themselves to feel that support from the community, but again, also to help ensure that any of those voices that might otherwise want to thrive, those ugly voices of hate, that we nip them in the bud in advance. We cannot allow that hateful messaging to gain any kind of momentum.鈥�
Liberation Through Education: Seeding Freedom in the Mississippi Delta
By Lydia Bates
Liberation education is premised on the idea 鈥渢hat you have the tools, knowledge, skills and resources to lead the life that you want to live,鈥� explained Ki Harris, Executive Director of the Freedom Project Network.
Composed of three individual Freedom Projects in Sunflower County, Meridian, and Rosedale, Mississippi, each project supplements student education with programming geared toward agency and empowerment. The overarching Freedom Project Network was developed in 2016 to sustain each of the existing sites and grow the reach of the organization.
As Harris detailed, the organization鈥檚 work and goals are reflective of the traditions of the . Carrying the spirit of those schools forward, the Freedom Project Network seeks 鈥渢o create a type of educational movement where students [are] taught to question, students [are] taught to interrogate, and students [are] taught to challenge oppressive systems in their community and the society at large.鈥�
Having come to Mississippi with Teach for America in 2014, Harris knows the challenges that public-school teachers face in supporting students who are underserved and historically marginalized. 鈥淲e鈥檙e taught [this is] an achievement gap鈥� Harris explained, 鈥渂ut if we actually interrogate that further 鈥� that鈥檚 not true. It鈥檚 not an achievement gap, but an opportunity gap.鈥澛�
As the Freedom Project Network seeks to bridge that gap with liberation education, students and staff are grounded in Love, Education, Action and Discipline 鈥� the LEAD Principles. Despite the instability of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, each Freedom Project has continued to provide that goes well beyond the conventional bounds of after school extracurriculars.
In Love, Rosedale Freedom Project students established the Gender-Sexuality Alliance to support LGTBQ+ individuals in partnership with the 人兽性交 Fund of Mississippi in 2021. Love also inspired the Freedom Project鈥檚 staff to adapt to changing public health conditions with 鈥減orch-visits鈥� 鈥� meetings between staff and students on family home porches.聽
As the core of each Freedom Project鈥檚 mission, Education was the driving force behind reading, conversations and a speaker series centered on abolition at the Rosedale Freedom Project. Similarly, interactive education was the impetus for a summer trip to the Equal Justice Initiative鈥檚 National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, and the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham.聽
Throughout 2021, Freedom Project students harnessed Love and Education to guide their Action. Following research into food deserts 鈥� urban areas where fresh, affordable food is scarce 鈥� students in Meridian planted seven community gardens at senior living facilities, public housing complexes and churches. Meanwhile, Sunflower County Freedom Project students spent over 200 hours writing and editing their annual literary magazine, The Chapters of Life.
With Discipline, all Freedom Project students in Meridian maintained an above 3.0 GPA. Rosedale students visited four colleges and universities, and all senior Freedom Project students in Sunflower County were accepted to college.
According to Jalaya Liles Dunn, Director of 人兽性交鈥檚 , 鈥渢here鈥檚 a great deal of crossover between the LEAD Principles and the four domains of Learning for 人兽性交鈥檚 Social Justice Standards 鈥� identity, diversity, justice and action 鈥� which LFJ hopes will contribute to more liberation in schools and communities as well.鈥�
Similar to Learning for 人兽性交, as the Freedom Project Network continues to plant the seeds of freedom through education, they are playing a crucial role 鈥渋n shaping an inclusive, multiracial and multiethnic democracy,鈥� Liles Dunn explained.
鈥淎n education for freedom provokes questions, ignites wonder and promotes critical thinking,鈥� Liles Dunn said. 鈥淓nsuring that the next generation of leaders embraces identity and diversity and wields collective power and action to champion justice is a fundamental step to disrupting hate at its core.鈥�
In the view of Harris and the Freedom Project Network, such questions and critical thinking form the educational foundation from which 鈥渂lossoms all freedoms.鈥�
To learn more about the Freedom Project Network and support them in their mission to seed freedom through education, .
Representation in Office: 鈥榃e have to mobilize together鈥�
By Jason Wilson
Before she became the first indigenous transgender woman elected to a state house in the United States, Kansas state Rep. Stephanie Byers spent 32 years teaching music to high school students.
During Byers鈥� own high school days at a public school in Oklahoma, an inspirational teacher opened her eyes to the fact that 鈥渕usic was available to everyone鈥� regardless of their origins or income status.
This made her want to awaken others to the same possibilities.
鈥淚 wanted to use music to touch people's hearts, including in class,鈥� Byers said. 鈥淚 wanted to make it a joy.鈥�
She taught first at a private school, and then a small rural school in Colorado.
鈥淚 understand the challenges faced by rural schools, and suburban schools, and inner-city schools,鈥� she said. She now employs her firsthand experience in her service on the Kansas House Committee on Education.
Finally, she arrived at North Wichita High School, where, for over two decades, she was part of a community that offered inspiration, support and safety to its members.
鈥淚nside that building there's a bubble of protection,鈥� she said.
And that protection is extended not only to students.
In the years leading up to her retirement, Byers鈥檚 gender transition renewed her sense of the resilience that arises from tightly bonded school communities.
鈥淚 began living authentically in 2014 without knowing how my colleagues would respond,鈥� she said. "But the faculty wrapped themselves around me and said, 鈥榃e love you 鈥� how can we help you?鈥�
This, and her intimate understanding of the challenges faced by 人兽性交 students, led her to activism as anti-人兽性交 legislators around the country began pushing so-called 鈥渂athroom bills.鈥�
鈥淢y activism on 人兽性交 issues geared up after I began living authentically,鈥� she said, and her skilled advocacy led to her achieving local and even national prominence as a transgender rights campaigner.
Friends and allies began encouraging her to run for office, and when the incumbent Democrat retired as representative of Kansas鈥檚 86th District, Byers ran in the 2020 election, and won by 11 votes.
She has not forgotten her former colleagues and students, however. Indeed, she thinks the far right has chosen to highlight issues like so-called 鈥渃ritical race theory鈥� precisely because they see schools as a place that promotes resilience in the communities they wish to scapegoat and target.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 why we鈥檙e seeing the right-wing push on school boards,鈥� she said, adding, "They see there鈥檚 a structure of safety there, and they want to tear that structure down.鈥�
The outgrowths of the assault on schools are as apparent in Kansas as they are in the rest of the country, according to Byers.
鈥淭he screaming matches at school boards 鈥� that's happening in Kansas,鈥� she said.
And in turn, this has affected teachers, who are also struggling to navigate educating during a pandemic.
鈥淢y friends who are still teaching are heartbroken,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e no longer seen as professionals by some of the parents of the students they teach.鈥�
For now, in the legislature, that means her agenda is, first, to protect existing structures of resilience and safety.
鈥淲e鈥檙e still on the defensive,鈥� she said of the Democrat 鈥渟uper-minority鈥� that is contending with GOP efforts to enact bills that would, in one example, ban transgender girls from participating in girls鈥� sports.
On that specific issue, Byers said progressive activists around the country should 鈥渓ook past the shiny object,鈥� and not be distracted by the anti-人兽性交 framing of the issue.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not about fairness in sports,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 about putting kids in closets.鈥�
鈥淲e need to call it out for what it is: bullying,鈥� Byers adds.
In other advice to those pushing back on hate, she said progress will not be piecemeal.
鈥淲e have got to unite together across this country,鈥� Byers said. 鈥淲e have got to realize that we have to mobilize together.鈥�
Conclusion
Through efforts to counter and expose, 人兽性交 has long sought to confront and mitigate the harm caused by hate and extremism. Without the resilience of individuals and communities beyond our organization, however, that work would be futile. Being informed by the research on hate and extremism contained within this report and galvanizing through educational and community-based resilience efforts is how we 鈥渕obilize together.鈥� From grassroots organizers, through local and national coalitions, to policymakers and elected officials, resistance to hate and support for those victimized is each of our responsibility. When acts of hate and harm occur, we encourage you to safely speak out, form and join networks of resilience, and seek the necessary resources to support those who have been targeted. While the 人兽性交 and websites have ample information and resources, action is the foundation of unity and resilience.
Democracy in the United States is under threat from a hard-right, antidemocratic mass movement that has brought hate and antigovernment extremists into the mainstream, threatening the fabric of inclusive, diverse democracy. It is urgent for policymakers to act to defend and strengthen our democratic institutions, and to commit to holistic, long-term initiatives to counter racism, antigovernment extremism, and hate groups in America.
Protect democracy
Every citizen deserves to be able to participate in our democracy and civic discourse without fear, intimidation or barriers.
With essential voting-rights legislation blocked due to Senate Republican obstruction, it is even more important for the Department of Justice to use its authority to challenge discriminatory anti-voting laws 鈥� and for activists and grassroots organizations to engage in the fight to protect and advance voting rights through every tool we have in our communities. While Congress should enact legislation to raise the threshold for challenging Electoral College votes, and to clarify that the Vice President鈥檚 role in the process is exclusively ministerial, with no authority to overturn election results, it must not do so without also passing legislation to address the erosion of the Voting Rights Act and other reforms to strengthen our democracy.
Speak out against hate, political violence, and extremism
Words matter, especially from our leaders. It is impossible to overstate the importance of elected officials, business and community leaders, civic and faith leaders, military commanders, and law enforcement executives using their public platforms to condemn hate, racism, attacks on voting and democratic institutions, and extremism in all forms. Failure to do so emboldens extremists 鈥� as we saw dramatically demonstrated during the Trump administration. Leaders across the country can inspire positive change and confidence about the future by promoting visions of an inclusive community where everyone can thrive.
Following the Jan. 6 insurrection, corporate leaders vowed to withdraw financial support from political officials who refused to certify the 2020 election. One year later, corporate money continues to flow to most of the 147 lawmakers who voted against certification. Statements of support of our democracy alone are insufficient; they must be backed up with meaningful action.
Hold the planners and perpetrators of the Jan. 6 attack accountable
Those responsible for the deadly Jan. 6 insurrection 鈥� and elected officials who explicitly or subtly encouraged or enabled this political violence 鈥� must be held accountable and suffer real consequences.
鈥⒙燭he essential work of the House Select Committee to investigate the Jan. 6 attack on the United States Capitol must be strongly supported. The Committee鈥檚 findings and recommendations will be critical for lawmakers and the public to help understand the architects behind the Jan. 6 attack, how to hold those planners and perpetrators accountable, and necessary steps to safeguard future elections and our country鈥檚 democratic institutions.
鈥⒙燭he federal government should continue to prosecute the organizers, financial backers, political enablers, and perpetrators involved in the Jan. 6 insurrection to the fullest extent of the law. The prosecution of specific individuals for 鈥渟editious conspiracy鈥� is a welcome development 鈥� and an important and appropriate step given the gravity of the attack.
鈥⒙燘usiness leaders and corporations should permanently suspend political donations to members of Congress and other elected officials who helped incite the violent siege and commit to withholding all forms of support for political candidates who either actively support political violence, amplify those who do, or fail to promptly condemn political violence when it comes from their allies or supporters.
Improve government response to domestic extremism
President Biden鈥檚 calls for expanded information sharing and more resources to address the racism underlying extremism, including efforts to advance equity and promote civics education and engagement.
鈥⒙燙ongress should enact the Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act (S.964/H.R 350) to establish offices within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Department of Justice, and the FBI to monitor, investigate and prosecute cases of domestic terrorism 鈥� and require regular reports from these offices.
鈥⒙燙ongress should reject efforts to create a new criminal domestic terrorism statute, which could be weaponized against dissidents, communities of color, or political opponents. The federal government has plenty of tools to enforce existing laws; it only needs the will to use them.
鈥⒙燭he Biden administration and Congress should promptly implement the new , and work urgently to address bias-based violence against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and other groups, and close gaps in current hate crime data collection and response.
鈥⒙燙ongress should end funding for police militarization and the transfer of excess military property to law enforcement agencies. And Congress and the Justice Department should take steps to gauge and directly address white supremacy in policing.
Enforce current laws and use strategic litigation
Every state prohibits private militias, and the federal government and many states have laws prohibiting political violence, restricting firearms in the state capitol/government buildings and near polling places, and banning paramilitary training in furtherance of, or in preparation for, a civil disorder.
鈥⒙燜ederal and state authorities should take action to raise awareness about these laws 鈥� and enforce them when hard-right activists engage in militia activity.
鈥⒙燞uman rights advocates and state attorneys general should pursue civil litigation 鈥� like Integrity First for America鈥檚 successful suit against planners and perpetrators of the 2017 Charlottesville white supremacist riot and the December 2021 lawsuit filed by Washington, D.C. Attorney General Karl A. Racine against the Proud Boys, Oath Keepers and other Jan. 6 violent actors 鈥� as a best practice that can help deter such lawless behavior in the future.
鈥⒙燭he Justice Department鈥檚 Election Threats Task Force must be supported and empowered to protect election workers and voters from intimidation, harassment and violence.
Confront white supremacy and extremism in the military
The Justice Department has so far charged more than 700 individuals in connection with the U.S. Capitol attack.聽Disturbingly, more than 80 of the defendants charged in relation to the Jan. 6 attack have ties to the U.S. military 鈥� mostly veterans.聽
Led by Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III, military and civilian Pentagon leadership have been outspoken in addressing this issue seriously 鈥� including a to educate personnel on the dangerous threat of extremist activity and the establishment of to study the issue and offer recommendations.
The Department of Defense must promptly implement the December 2021 commitments and complement those advances with additional actions:
鈥⒙燗ddress extremism at every stage of a service member鈥檚 career: better screening during recruitment, expanding and clarifying prohibitions against advocating for, or involvement in, supremacist or extremist activity for all active-duty personnel, and more extensive and tailored efforts to help veterans transition into civilian life, including the ongoing availability of counseling and other mental health and social welfare services.
鈥⒙燘ecause veterans are high-value targets for extremist groups, the Veterans Administration must provide ongoing education and outreach against misinformation and disinformation to help former military personnel fend off 鈥� and report 鈥� outreach from extremists.
鈥⒙燛xpand existing service prohibitions against the display of flags, clothing, tattoos and bumper stickers 鈥� on or off a military installation 鈥� that support extremist groups and activities.
鈥⒙燤andate more extensive data collection and reporting, including an annual climate survey on extremism.
鈥⒙營mmediately rename the ten U.S. Army bases named for Confederate leaders. No American should train at a base named for individuals who fought against the United States for the right to enslave other people.
Fund prevention and education initiatives to steer individuals away from hate and extremism
Disinformation and conspiracy theories聽are galvanizing attacks on democracy and government institutions and can lead to ideologically motivated violence.
鈥⒙燜ederal agencies, including the Department of Justice, the Department of Education, and the Department of Health and Human Services should provide more resources for programs and processes for early intervention. Programs in these areas should focus on inoculating communities against extremism and empowering adults to help steer young people away from dangerous ideas. 人兽性交 and are currently piloting promising non-governmental initiatives in this direction.
鈥⒙燜ederal and state government leadership must promote civics education and anti-bias, anti-hate,and democracy-building education programs. It is not possible to legislate, regulate or tabulate hatred and extremism out of existence. resources can serve as a model for needed resources in our nation鈥檚 schools.
鈥⒙燭he Department of Education should fund and promote anti-racism programs and initiatives to teach critical thinking skills and digital literacy, so students can be inoculated against and fend off misinformation, disinformation and online radicalization. These approaches should be community-focused and non-carceral, and they should foreground the experiences of and support for victim-survivors.
鈥⒙燭o respond to unwarranted attacks on inclusive education, federal and state officials should provide support and funding to communities addressing intimidating and menacing threats of violence against health care workers, school board members, teachers and school administrators.
Hold tech and social media companies accountable and promote online safety
More than a year after Jan. 6, it is still frighteningly simple for racists and extremists to disseminate propaganda, recruit followers, generate profits and spread intimidation on the major social media platforms. Meanwhile, a large number of 鈥渁lt-tech鈥� platforms have also sprung up to service extremists whose actions exile them from Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
鈥⒙燭ech companies must create 鈥� and enforce 鈥� Terms of Service and to ensure that social media platforms, payment service providers and other internet-based services do not provide forums where hateful activities and extremism can grow and lead to domestic terrorism. This will require increased spending on and attention to content moderation to rapidly and effectively address content that violates the terms of service, and detailed transparency reports that address the reasons and numbers of content takedowns.
鈥⒙燬ocial media companies should be required to make data available to academics and researchers, including information about deplatforming, content removal, account removal, account demonetization, shadow banning and slowdowns, as well as how user ads and recommendation algorithms impact the proliferation of extremist content on the site/app.
鈥⒙燬ocial media platforms and online payment service providers should act to disrupt the funding of hate online, to prevent their services from helping to incubate and bankroll terrorists and extremism.
鈥⒙燭ech companies that offer crowdfunding, subscriptions, video streaming cash payouts, in-app or in-site currencies, and/or cryptocurrencies should face additional mandatory transparency and reporting requirements to document use or abuse of their systems to provide financial support for intimidation, harassment and violent extremism.
鈥⒙燙onsistent with the First Amendment and privacy considerations, federal and state government officials should implement rules and regulations to ensure that tech companies comply with civil rights laws prohibiting discrimination. Law enforcement should scrutinize platforms and ensure they are enforcing prohibitions on activities that endanger the public or conspire against the rights of others.
